A Dark Matter Model with Quadratic Equation of State: Background Evolution and Structure Formation

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A Dark Matter Model with Quadratic Equation of State: Background Evolution and Structure Formation

K. Rezazadeh ¹ , E. Yusofi ¹ , A. Talebian ^{1 ,*}

1 . School of Astronomy, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences(IPM), P. O. Box 19395-5531, Tehran, Iran

* Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Published in Journal of Fundamental and Observational Physics and Astrophysics ( Volume 1, Issue 2 )

Received: 08 September 2025 Accepted: 30 September 2025 Published: 21 October 2025

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Abstract

We propose that dark matter (DM) possesses a quadratic equation of state, which becomes significant at high densities, altering the Universe’s evolution during its early stages. We derive the modified background evolution equations for the Hubble parameter H(z) and the DM density parameter Ωdm(z). We then perturb the governing equations to study the linear growth of matter fluctuations, computing the observable growth factor fσ8(z). Finally, we compare the model with the latest cosmological data, including Hubble parameter H(z) measurements, and growth factor fσ8(z) data, up to z = 3. Our results indicate that the quadratic model, while remaining consistent with background observations, offers a distinct imprint on the growth of structure, providing not only a new phenomenological avenue to address cosmological tensions but also shedding light on the nature of DM.

Published in	Journal of Fundamental and Observational Physics and Astrophysics (Volume 1, Issue 2)
DOI	10.65736/jfopa01021
Page(s)	11
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s). Published by Open Access Press

Keywords

Evolving Dark Matter, Quadratic Equation of State, Hubble Parameter, Structure Growth

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APA Style

Rezazadeh, K. K. , Yusofi, E. E. , Talebian, A. A. (2024). A Dark Matter Model with Quadratic Equation of State: Background Evolution and Structure Formation. Journal of Fundamental and Observational Physics and Astrophysics, 1, (2), 1. https://doi.org/10.65736/jfopa01021

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ACS Style

Rezazadeh, K. ; Yusofi, E. ; Talebian, A. A Dark Matter Model with Quadratic Equation of State: Background Evolution and Structure Formation. Mach. Learn. Res. (2024), 1, (2), 1. doi: https://doi.org/10.65736/jfopa01021

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AMA Style

Rezazadeh , Yusofi , Talebian . A Dark Matter Model with Quadratic Equation of State: Background Evolution and Structure Formation. Mach Learn Res. (2024);1(2):1. doi: https://doi.org/10.65736/jfopa01021

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